in Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (ed. Comment on Healey’s ‘Quantum theory and the limits of objectivity’. Quantum theory and the limits of objectivity. Experimental test of local observer independence. Quantum theory cannot consistently describe the use of itself. in Quantum Speakables II: Half a Century of Bell’s Theorem (eds Bertlmann, R. A no-go theorem for observer-independent facts. On gravity’s role in quantum state reduction. The free-will postulate in quantum mechanics. A suggested interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of ‘hidden’ variables. Physics: QBism puts the scientist back into science. ‘Relative state’ formulation of quantum mechanics. Decoherence, the measurement problem, and interpretations of quantum mechanics. We discuss how this new theorem places strictly stronger constraints on physical reality than Bell’s theorem. This is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment where a photon’s path is deemed an observer. We show that although the violation of Bell-type inequalities in such scenarios is not in general sufficient to demonstrate the contradiction between those three assumptions, new inequalities can be derived, in a theory-independent manner, that are violated by quantum correlations. Here, by building on a scenario with two separated but entangled friends introduced by Brukner, we prove that if quantum evolution is controllable on the scale of an observer, then one of ‘No-Superdeterminism’, ‘Locality’ or ‘Absoluteness of Observed Events’-that every observed event exists absolutely, not relatively-must be false. This is a thought experiment addressing the quantum measurement problem-the difficulty of reconciling the (unitary, deterministic) evolution of isolated systems and the (non-unitary, probabilistic) state update after a measurement. Does quantum theory apply at all scales, including that of observers? New light on this fundamental question has recently been shed through a resurgence of interest in the long-standing Wigner’s friend paradox.
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